NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR HISTORY : CLASS 10 CHAPTER: NATIONALISM IN EUROPE
Q. Write a note on:
a) Guissippe Mazzini: Guissippe Mazzini was an Italian revolutionary born in Genoa in 1807. He was a member of the secret society of the Carbonari. At the age of 24,he was sent into exile for attempting a revolution in Liguria.He found underground societies named ‘ Young Italy ‘ in Marseilles and ‘ Young Europe ‘ in Berne.He played a crucial role in promoting the idea of a unified Italian state.
b) Count Camillo de Cavour: Cavour was the chief minister of Sardinia -Piedmont state who led the movement to unify the regions of Italy.He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.He engineered a careful diplomatic alliance with France, and defeated the Austrian forces in 1859.
c) The Greek War of Independence: Greece was a part of the Ottoman Empire since the 15th century. The struggle for independence among Greeks started in 1821. Nationalists in Greece got support from other Greeks living in exile. They were also supported by many west Europeans who had sympathies for ancient Greek culture.Poets and artists lauded Greece as the cradle of European civilization and mobilised public opinion to support its struggle. Finally, the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognised Greece as an independent nation.
d) Frankfurt parliament: It was an all German National assembly formed by a large number of political associations whose members were middle class professionals, businessmen and prosperous artisans.Its first meeting was convened on 18 May 1848 in the Church of St.Paul at Frankfurt.The parliament drafted a constitution for the German nation to be headed by a monarchy subject to a parliament.The king of Prussia rejected the crown offered to him and joined other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.
e) The role of women in nationalist struggle: The issue of extending political rights to women was a controversial one within the liberal movement,in which women had actively participated over the years. Women had formed their own political associations, founded newspapers and taken part in political meetings and demonstrations.Despite such efforts and sacrifices women were only admitted as observers in the Frankfurt parliament when it was convened in the Church of St.Paul.
Q. What steps did the French revolutionaries take to create a sense of collective identity among the French people?
Ans: The steps taken by French revolutionaries to create a sense of collective identity among the French people are as under:
1. The ideas of la patrie( the fatherland ) and le citoyen ( the citizen) emphasized the notion of a united community enjoying equal rights under a constitution.
2. A new French flag, the tricolour was chosen and it replaced the royal standard.
3. The Estates General was elected by the body of active citizens and renamed as the National assembly.
4.New hymns were composed, oaths were taken and martyrs were commemorated in the name of the nation.
5. A centralised administrative system formulated uniform laws for the entire nation.
6. Internal customs duties were abolished and a uniform system of weights and measures was adopted.
7. Regional dialects were discouraged and French was promoted as the common language of the nation.
Q. Who were Marianne and Germania? What was the importance of the way in which they were portrayed?
Ans: Marianne is the female allegory of the French nation and Germania is the female allegory of the German nation.These female allegories were used to portray ideas such as liberty, justice and the Republic.These allegories remind the people of the national symbol of unity and to persuade them to identify with it.
Q. Briefly trace the process of German unification?
Ans: In 1848, the middle class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation into a nation- state.But they were repressed by the combined forces of the monarchy and the military.They were also supported by the large landowners of Prussia called as Junkers.After this, Prussia soon became the leader of German unification movement. Its chief minister Otto von Bismarck was the architect of the process with support from the Prussian army and bureaucracy.The unification process was completed after Prussia won wars with Austria, Denmark and France over seven years time.In January 1871, the Prussian king, William I, was proclaimed the German Emperor.
Q. What changes did Napoleon introduce to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him?
Ans: Changes that Napoleon introduced to make the administrative system more efficient in the territories ruled by him are as under:
1.He established civil code in 1804 also known as Napoleonic code which did away with all privileges based on birth.
2. He established equality before law and secured the right to property.
3. He simplified administrative divisions, abolished the feudal system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
4.He removed guild restrictions in towns.
5. Transport and communication systems were improved.
6. Peasants, artisans, workers and new businessmen enjoyed a new found freedom.
Q. Write in brief the impact of the Indian revolutionary movement on Jammu and Kashmir?
Ans: The spread of revolutionary ideas in India had its impact on Jammu and Kashmir. The revolutionary activities in Jammu and Kashmir were strongly marked after the partition of Bengal.The entry of Bengalis in the region was restricted and their movement was under surveillance.Despite strict measures adopted by the Maharaja Pratap Singh, the continuous infiltration of revolutionary ideas influenced the minds of the youth to a great extent.
Q. Explain what is meant by the 1848 revolution of the liberals. What were the political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals?
Ans: The 1848 revolution of the liberals refers to the various national movements pioneered by educated middle classes alongside the revolts of the poor, unemployed and starving peasants and workers in Europe. While in countries like France, food shortages and unemployment during 1848 led to popular uprisings,in other parts of Europe,men and women of the liberal middle classes came together to voice their demands for the creation of nation- states based on parliamentary principles.
The political, social and economic ideas supported by the liberals were as under:
Politically,they demanded constitutionalism with national unification, nation – state with a written constitution and parliamentary administration.
Socially,they wanted to rid society of its class based partialities and birth rights. Serfdom and bonded labour had to be abolished.
Economically,they wanted freedom of markets and right to property.Abolition of state imposed restrictions on the movement of goods and capital.
Q. Choose three examples to show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe?
Ans: Three examples that show the contribution of culture to the growth of nationalism in Europe are:
1. Romanticism: It was a cultural movement which sought to develop a particular form of nationalist sentiment.Romantic artists and poets focussed on emotions, intuition and mystic feelings.They tried to portray a common cultural past as the basis of a nation.
2. Language: It also played an important role. After the Russian occupation, the Polish language was forced out of schools and the Russian language was imposed everywhere. The clergy in Poland began using language as a weapon of national resistance. Polish was used for all religious gatherings and instructions. The use of Polish came to be seen as a symbol of struggle against Russian dominance.
3. Folk songs,dances and poetry: These were regarded as the true spirit of the nation. So, collecting and recording these forms of folk culture was an essential part of nation building.
Q. Through a focus on any two countries, explain how nations developed over the 19th century?
Ans: Germany: In Germany, the middle class Germans tried to unite the different regions of the German confederation, but their plans were not materialised due to actions of large landowners of Prussia. Three wars over seven years with Austria, Denmark and France ended in a Prussian victory.In January 1871, the Prussian king William I was proclaimed German emperor.
Italy: During the 1830s Mazzini sought to unify Italy but he failed in his mission. Hence, the responsibility fell on Sardinia-Piedmont to unify Italian states through war. Austrian forces were defeated in 1859. A large number of volunteers had also joined the war under the leadership of Garibaldi. In 1860, they marched to south Italy and defeated Spanish rulers. In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed as the king of Italy.
Q. Explain briefly the role of the army in the expansion and consolidation of the erstwhile princely state of Jammu and Kashmir?
Ans: The formation of Jammu and Kashmir was made possible by the combination of diplomacy and regular military campaigns under the able Dogra leadership of Maharaja Gulab Singh and his successor Ranbir Singh. Between 1820 and 1827, various chieftains and their principalities lying between Jammu and Kashmir valley came under the effective control of Maharaja Gulab Singh.General Zorawar Singh’s conquest of Ladakh (1834), followed by the annexation of Baltistan and Tibet (1841) , extended the geographical boundaries of India to the other side of Himalayas.
In 1860s, Maharaja Ranbir Singh organised a series of military campaigns in which every Dogra family contributed a soldier to conquer Gilgit and neighbouring tribal areas.These military campaigns were successful in bringing the north – west frontier under the Dogra control.
Q. How was the history of nationalism in Britain unlike the rest of Europe?
Ans: The history of nationalism in Britain was unlike the rest of Europe because in Britain the formation of the nation -state was not the result of a sudden upheaval or revolution. The primary identities of people who inhabited the British Isles were ethnic ones such as English, Welsh,Scot or Irish.The Act of Union between England and Scotland resulted in the formation of the Union Kingdom of Great Britain.Scotland’s culture and institutions were suppressed by England.Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the UK in 1801. This was achieved by the English helping the Protestants of Ireland to establish their dominance over the Catholics.
The symbols of the new Britain – the British flag ( Union Jack) , the national anthem ( God Save Our Noble King) and the English language were actively promoted and the older nations survived only as subordinate partners in this union.
Q. Why did nationalist tensions emerge in the Balkans?
Ans: Nationalist tensions emerged in the Balkans because of the spread of ideas of romantic nationalism and also the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire that had previously ruled over this area.The different Slavic communities in the Balkans began to strive for independent rule. They were jealous of each other and every state wanted more territory,even at the expense of others. Also, the hold of imperial power over the Balkans made the situation worse. Russia, Germany, England and others all wanted more control over this area. These conflicts ultimately led to the First World War in 1914.
Q. Write a detailed note on the condition of the peasants and labourers in Jammu and Kashmir during the first half of the 19th century?
Ans: The peasants and labourers in Jammu and Kashmir were passing through a tough phase in the 19th century. They were facing the following problems.
1. Their socio – economic condition was highly deplorable.
2. The oppressive system of begar had made the life of the peasantry miserable.
3. The land revenue was very high.
4. Apart from obtaining tax in cash or kind, illegal exactions were also imposed on the peasantry in the form of share in commodities like fruits,ghee,etc.
5. The rice distribution system was unorganised and had become the monopoly of the money lenders.
6. The procurement of grains was under the control of the state authorities and was distributed at the fixed price.
Q. Define the following?
Absolutist: It is a government or system of rule that has no restraints on the power exercised.
In history, the term refers to a form of monarchial government that was centralised, militarised and repressive.
Utopian: It is a vision of a society that is so ideal that it is unlikely to actually exist.
Plebiscite: It is a direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
Conservatism: It is a political philosophy that stresses on the importance of traditions, established institutions and customs, and preferred gradual development to quick change.
Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
Allegory: When an abstract idea like greed, freedom etc. is expressed through a person or a thing.