NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR HISTORY : CLASS 10 CHAPTER: NATIONALISM IN INDIA
Q. Explain
a) Why is the growth of nationalism in the colonies linked to an anti- colonial movement?
Ans: In India and in many other colonies, the growth of nationalism is intimately connected to the anti-colonial movement.
1. The sense of being oppressed under colonialism provided a shared bond that tied many different groups together.
2. The colonial powers forcefully started imposing their culture on the colonies which aroused the feeling of nationalism.
3.The use of Satyagraha against Britishers promoted the spirit of nationalism among the people.
4. The anti-colonial movement was a united struggle against the foreigners which also aroused feeling of oneness among the people.
b) How did the First World War helped in the growth of the national movement in India?
Ans: The first world war helped in the growth of the national movement in India by creating a new economic and political situation.It can be understood as follows:
1. The war led to a huge increase in defence expenditure which was financed by war loans and increasing taxes.
2. Custom duties were raised and income tax introduced.
3. Through the war years prices doubled leading to extreme hardships for the common people.
4. Villages were called upon to supply soldiers, and the forced recruitment in rural areas caused widespread anger.
5. Crop failure and influenza epidemic in many parts of India added to the hardships of the people.
c) Why Indians were outraged by the Rowlatt Act?
Ans: The Rowlatt Act was passed in 1919. The act gave the government enormous powers to repress political activities. It allowed detention of political prisoners without trial for two years.This was seen as violation of civil liberties and an attack on the right to freedom of speech.The Indians were outraged because it was clearly undemocratic and oppressive.
d) Why Gandhiji decided to withdraw the Non-Cooperation movement?
Ans: Gandhi decided to withdraw the non- cooperation movement due to various incidents of violence especially the chauri chaura incident in 1922. People here turned violent and set fire to a police station leading to the death of 22 policemen.Gandhi felt that the satyagrahis needed to be properly trained before they would be ready for mass struggle.
e) Briefly write about the different programs of the non- cooperation movement followed in Jammu and Kashmir?
Ans: The major principles of non-cooperation movement like the boycott of foreign goods, boycott of government schools and colleges,hindu – muslim unity and temperance were adopted in Jammu and Kashmir.
The students of Prince of Wales College, Jammu actively participated in the programs of non-cooperation movement. They boycotted their classes and took out processions echoing the anti-British slogans.
The boycott of foreign cloth was another important program of the non-cooperation movement.People were persuaded to boycott foreign goods and use Swadeshi clothes which resulted in the decline of imports of foreign clothes.
Q. What is meant by the idea of Satyagraha?
Ans: Satyagraha is a non-violent method of mass struggle against the oppressor.
1. It emphasized the power of truth and the need to search for truth.
2. It suggested that if the cause was true and if the struggle was against injustice then there is no need of physical force to fight the oppressor.
3. It doesn’t inflict pain on the adversary.
4. By this struggle truth was bound to be victorious.
Q. Write a newspaper report on:
a) The Jallianwala Bagh massacre:
Ans:On 13th April 1919, an unspeakable tragedy unfolded at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar, Punjab. British troops under the command of General Reginald Dyer opened fire on a peaceful gathering of thousands of unarmed Indians.The massacre took place on the day of Baisakhi,when thousands had gathered at the Jallianwala Bagh to protest against the Rowlatt Act. Being from outside the city, many villagers were unaware of the martial law that had been imposed.General Dyer ordered his troops to fire on the gathering.The firing lasted for ten minutes killing hundreds.The brutal massacre shocked the nation and sparked widespread outrage and condemnation both in India and abroad.
b) The Simon Commission:
Ans: In November 1927, the British government appointed the Simon Commission officially known as Indian Statutory Commission to look into the functioning of the constitutional system in India and suggest changes.The commission consisted of seven British members and no Indian member was included.It faced backlash from Indian political leaders as it did not include any Indian members and therefore did not represent the interests of the Indian people. When the commission arrived in India in February 1928, it was greeted with the slogan ‘Go Back Simon ‘. As the commission began its work, demonstrations and strikes broke out across the country. In several parts of the country , protesters clashed with the police, leading to arrests and injuries.
Q. Discuss the Salt March to make clear why it was an effective symbol of resistance against colonialism?
Ans: Gandhiji started his salt march along with his 78 followers from his ashram in Sabarmati to the coastal town of Dandi to break the salt law.The march was a powerful and effective symbol of resistance against colonialism for several reasons.
The Salt March highlighted the injustice of British colonial policies. Under British rule, the salt tax imposed on Indians was particularly oppressive, as it impacted the basic necessity of salt that was essential to everyday life. By defying the salt tax and producing salt from the sea, Gandhi and his followers demonstrated the larger issue of colonial exploitation and discrimination faced by the Indian population.
Also,the Salt March galvanized public support and unified the Indian population in their resistance against British rule. Thousands of Indians from all walks of life joined Gandhi on the 240-mile march from Sabarmati Ashram to the coastal town of Dandi, signaling a collective defiance against colonial authority. The march brought together people from different regions and religions.
Q. Why did political leaders differ sharply over the question of seperate electorates?
Ans: The political leaders differed sharply over the question of seperate electorates because of the differences in opinion.
1. The Congress leaders opposed seperate electorates because such a policy would weaken the national movement and prolong British stay in India.
2. The muslim leaders like Mohammad Iqbal and Ali Mohammad Jinnah asked for separate electorates to safeguard the political interests of muslims.
3. The leaders of the depressed classes like B.R. Ambedkar asked for separate electorates because in the joint electorates,he feared the dominance of the upper caste Hindus in the elections.
Q. List all the different social groups which joined the non-cooperation movement of 1921. Then choose any three and write about their hopes and struggles to show why they joined the movement?
Ans: The different social groups that joined the non-cooperation movement of 1921 were the urban middle class, peasants, tribals and workers.
1. The middle class joined the movement because the boycott of foreign goods would make the sale of their textiles and handlooms go up.
2. The peasants took part in the movement because they hoped they would be saved from the oppressive landlords.
3. Plantation workers took part in the movement with the hope that they would be able to move freely in and outside the plantations.
Q. Compare the images of Bharat Mata with the images of Germania?
Ans: Germania:
1. It is the symbol of Germany.
2. The image was painted by Philip Veit.
3. It is carrying a sword in one hand and flag in another hand.
Bharat Mata:
1. It is the symbol of India.
2. It was painted by Abindranath Tagore.
3. It is portrayed as an ascetic figure,calm, composed, divine and spiritual.
Q. Discuss how the cultural awakening led to the growth of the feeling of nationalism in Jammu and Kashmir region?
Ans: The cultural awakening in Jammu and Kashmir region helped in shaping a collective identity and fostering a sense of unity among the people. This awakening highlighted the rich cultural heritage and traditions of the region, emphasizing the unique identity of the Kashmiri people. As individuals became more connected to their cultural roots, they developed a strong sense of pride in their heritage and a desire to preserve and promote it.
The revival of traditional arts, literature, music, and dance forms also served as a platform for people to express their cultural identity and showcase the diversity of the region. This cultural revival created a shared sense of belonging among the people of Jammu and Kashmir, transcending geographical and religious differences.
The promotion of local languages and customs further contributed to the growth of nationalism in the region by reinforcing the idea of a distinct Kashmiri identity. People began to identify more strongly with their shared cultural history and traditions, leading to a sense of unity and solidarity among the population.
Q.Define the following:
1. Forced Recruitment: It is a process by which the colonial state forced people to join the army.
2. Boycott: The refusal to deal and associate with people, or participate in activities, or buy and use things. It is usually a form of protest.
3. Picket: It is a form of demonstration or protest by which people block the entrance to a shop,factory or office.
4. Begar: The labour that people are forced to contribute without any payment.