NCERT SOLUTIONS FOR HISTORY CLASS 10 CHAPTER: THE MAKING OF A GLOBAL WORLD
Q. Give two examples of different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century. Choose examples from Asia and America?
Ans: Examples of the different types of global exchanges which took place before the seventeenth century.
(a) Textiles, spices and Chinese pottery were exchanged by China, India and Southeast Asia in return for gold and silver from Europe.
(b) Foods such as potatoes, soya, groundnuts, tomatoes and chillies were first exported from America to Europe and Asia.
Q. Explain how the global transfer of disease in the pre- modern world helped in the colonization of the Americas?
Ans: The European conquest of America was not only as a result of superior firepower but the most powerful weapon of the European powers was the germs of smallpox.These germs were carried by the Spanish conquerors.Because of their long isolation, Americas original inhabitants had no immunity against these diseases that came from Europe. These germs killed and decimated whole communities,paving the way for foreign domination.
Q. Write a note to explain the effects of the following:
(a) The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws.
Ans: The British government’s decision to abolish the Corn Laws has following effects.
1. Food could be cheaply imported into Britain.
2. Vast areas of land were now left uncultivated and thousands of men were thrown out of work.
3. Many farmers left their professions and migrated to cities or overseas.
4. As food prices fell, consumption in Britain rose.
5. Around the world in Europe, America and Australia lands were cleared and food production expanded to meet the British demand.
(b) The coming of rinderpest to Africa.
Ans: The rinderpest killed 90% of the cattle of Africa which destroyed their livelihoods. Colonial governments now successfully monopolised the remaining scare cattle resources to strengthen their power. Africans were now forced into the labour market. Control over scare resources of cattle enabled Europeans to conquer and subdue Africa.
(c) The death of men of working age in Europe because of the World War.
Ans: The deaths of men of working age in Europe reduced the able bodied workforce. It led to reduced household incomes. The role of women increased and led to demand for more equality of status. Women started working alongside men in every field of life. Women became more independent and free with long – term effects.
(d) The Great Depression on the Indian economy.
Ans: The great depression had the following effects on the Indian economy.
1. India’s exports and imports nearly halved between 1928 and 1934.
2. Prices of goods in India fell sharply.
3. Wheat prices in India fell by 50%.
4. Peasants and farmers suffered more than urban dwellers.
5. The prices of raw jute crashed more than sixty percent.
6. Peasants indebtedness increased and they used their savings and jewellery to meet expences.
7. India became an exporter of precious metals notably gold.
(e) The decision of MNC’s to relocate production to Asian countries.
Ans: The decision of MNC’s to relocate production to Asian countries had following effects.
1. It provided a cheap source of labour for MNC’s .
2. It stimulated world trade and increased capital inflow in the Asian countries.
3. It brought about new technology to Asia.
4. It produced greater employment opportunities for Asian countries.
Q. Give two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability?
Ans: The two examples from history to show the impact of technology on food availability are:
1. Faster railways,lighter wagons and larger ships helped in the movement of food more cheaply and quickly from far away farms to final markets.
2. Refrigerated ships enabled the transport of perishable foods such as meat, butter and eggs over long distances.
Q. What is meant by Bretton Woods Agreement?
Ans: The Bretton Woods Agreement was signed between the world powers in July 1944 at Bretton Woods in New Hampshire,USA. It established the International Monetary Fund( IMF) to deal with external surpluses and deficits of its member nations and the World Bank to finance post- war reconstruction. The IMF and World Bank commenced financial operations in 1947. Decision making in these institutions is controlled by the Western industrial powers. The US has an effective right of veto over key IMF and World Bank decisions.
Q. Explain the three types of movements or flows within international economic exchange with examples from India?
Ans: Three types of movements or flows are:
1. Flow of Trade: It means trade in goods such as cloth or wheat. India exported textiles and spices in return for gold and silver from Europe.
2. Flow of Labour: It means the migration of people to new areas in search of work. In the nineteenth century thousands of Indian labours went to work on plantations, in mines and in road and railway construction projects around the world.
3. Flow of Capital: It means short- term and long- term loan to and from other nations. During British rule, many Europeans established their factories in India.Indian traders established flourishing emporia at busy ports worldwide.
Q. Explain the causes of the Great Depression?
Ans: Causes of great depression are as under:
1. Agricultural Over Production: It remained a problem which was made worse by falling food grain prices. To counter this, farmers began to increase production which led to glut in the market. Farm produce rotted for a lack of buyers.
2. US Loans: The withdrawal of US loans led to the failure of some major banks in Europe and the collapse of currencies such as the British pound sterling.
3. US Economic Policy: US tried to protect its economy by doubling it’s import duty which was a severe blow to world trade.
4. Stock Market Crash: Many believe that stock market crash of 1929 is one of the reason of great depression. People lost more than 40 billion dollars within two months of crash.
Q. Explain what is referred to as G-77 countries. In what ways can G-77 be seen as a reaction to the activities of the Bretton Woods Twins?
Ans: G-77 is an abbreviation for the group of 77 countries that demanded a new international economic order (NIEO). By the NIEO they meant
(a) A system that would give them real control over their natural resources.
(b) More development assistance.
(c) Fairer prices for raw materials and
(d) Better access for their manufactured goods in developed countries markets.
The G-77 can be seen as a reaction to the activities of Bretton Woods Twins because these two institutions were designed to meet the financial needs of industrial world, and did nothing for the economic growth of former colonies and developing nations.
Q. Briefly describe the impact of economic depression on the economy of Jammu and Kashmir region?
Ans: The economic depression led to the lowering of the agricultural prices in the Jammu and Kashmir region. As a result, peasants were unable to pay land taxes. It resulted in rising agrarian indebtedness and deterioration in the condition of the peasantry. The working class faced the hazards of economic depression leading to alarming rise in unemployment, food shortage and starvation. The industrial sector also faced severe problems due to worldwide economic depression.
Q. Discuss how Kashmir’s location on the silk route shaped the economy and culture of this region?
Ans: Kashmir’s proximity with Central Asia and linkages with silk route system enhanced it’s importance as a major trading junction in the Indo-Central Asian trade.Merchants and artisans which travelled through these silk routes brought with them expertise and skills that left a deep imprint on Kashmir’s society.As the Kabul route was a bit dangerous to travel, Kashmir became a vital refueling post for the caravans.The main commodities of trade were silk,spices,tea, indigo,gems and fine kashmiri shawls.
The silk route remained the most viable way of developing cross cultural affinities by sharing ideas, philosophies and religions of the world. The advent of Islam in Kashmir was made possible by the preachers from Iran and Central Asia who travelled through the silk route.The well marked influence of Iran and Central Asia on the culture and traditions of Kashmir has been made possible because of the silk route.
Define the following?
1. Dissenter: A person who refuses to accept established beliefs and practices.
2. Indentured Labour: A bonded labourer under contract to work for an employer for a specific period of time, to pay off his passage to a new country.
3. Indebtedness: It is an obligation to pay money to another party.
4. Tariff: Tax imposed on a country’s imports from the rest of the world.
5. Fixed Exchange Rates: When exchange rates are fixed and governments intervene to prevent movements in them.
6. Flexible or Floating Exchange Rates: These rates fluctuate depending on demand and supply of currencies in foreign exchange markets, in principle without interference by governments.
7. MNC’s: Multinational Corporations (MNC’s) are large companies that operate in several countries at the same time.